William and Mary (1690-1725)

William and Mary is a European influenced style, named after the reign of William and Mary of England (1689-1694). William and Mary has Dutch and Chinese influences. It is characterized by trumpet turned legs terminating in a ball or Spanish foot, padded or caned chair seats, and Oriental lacquerwork. 

Graceful and Refined – Elegant Appearance.(Federal style shown)

	Contoured – Arms curve inward.
	Straight – Arms are straight and perpendicular to the chair.

	Cane – Woven rattan.
	Upholstered – Cushioned and fabric covered.
	Wood – Solid wood, horizontal slats, vertical slats, or vertical splats.

	Banister – Three to six vertical turned slats in the shape of a baluster, flat on the front and round on the back.
	Stile and Panel – Wood or cane back panel framed between two straight or turned stiles.

	Cabriole – Curved leg in the shape of an animal’s leg. The cabriole leg increased the stability of seating pieces and reduced the need for underbracing.
	Elaborate Turning – Turned leg with multiple types of turnings.
	Round – Round, usually shaped or turned leg.
	Straight – Straight leg, vertical to chair seat.

	Cane – Woven rattan.
	Leather – Animal hide.
	Rush – Woven rush.
	Upholstered – Cushioned and covered with fabric.

Square – Square shaped seat.

	Ring Pull with Round Back Plate – Ring pull attached by a knob to a circular back plate.
	Tear Drop – Tear-drop shaped pull attached by a knob to a back plate. The back plate is usually circular, oval, or diamond shaped.
	Turned Wooden Knob – Elongated, turned wooden knob, often 3 inches long and 1.25 inches in diameter.

	Chintz – Plain woven sometimes glazed cloth imprinted with patterns or designs, often floral with five bright colors.
	Damask – Medium weight, glossy fabric with a reversible pattern and a figured intricate weave, often of linen, cotton, silk, or wool.
	Needlepoint – A type of counted thread embroidery in which yarn is stitched through an open canvas weave.

	Gilding – Gold leaf.
	Lacquer – Tough, adherent finish that can be clear or pigmented.
	Oil Varnish – Clear finish that emphasized the grain of the wood.
	Paint – Opaque, pigmented finish that obscures the grain of the wood.
	Wax – Paste finish over a sealer, stain, or bare wood.

	Ball – Rounded ball-shaped foot.
	Bun – Rounded foot, flatter than a ball foot.
	Spanish – Elaborately carved foot, resembling a hoof.

	Brass – Yellowish metal made from copper and zinc.
	Iron – Grayish-brown metal with a dull finish.
	Silver – Gray-white metal, which can be highly polished.

Dovetail – An interlocking wood joint in which a series of wedge-shaped projections fits into a series of alternating grooves.

Straight – Straight lines.

	Acanthus leaf – Conventionalized leaf.
	Floral – Flowers, such as roses, sunflowers, and tulips.
	Oriental Patterns – Oriental figures, usually painted or lacquered.
	Scroll – Form that resembles a roll of parchment paper.
	Seaweed – Very delicate marquetry representing a marine plant.
	Shell – Fan shaped sell.

	Carving – Cutting or chipping the surface of wood to create a shape or design.
	Inlay – Contrasting material set into the surface of wood to create a shape or design.
	Marquetry – Combinations of veneer used to create pictures or patterns.
	Oriental Lacquerwork – A lacquer surface on which designs are drawn in gold or color; also referred to as Japanning or chinoiserie.
	Parquetry – Combinations of veneer used to create geometric patterns.

Medium – Moderate dimensions.(Queen Anne style shown)

Moderate – Moderately proportioned stretchers(William and Mary style shown).

	Black Walnut – Dark brown American hardwood with a wide range of figures.
	Ebony Veneer – Dark brown to black African hardwood with black stripes.
	Fruitwood – Pink-brown American hardwood, including apple and pear.
	Holly – Creamy-white American hardwood with a speckled grain.